Abstract
In space, the special conditions of hypogravity and exposure to cosmic radiation have substantial differences compared to terrestrial circumstances, and a multidimensional impact on the human body and human organ functions. Cosmic radiation provokes cellular and gene damage, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a dysregulation in the oxidants–antioxidants balance, and to the inflammatory response. Other practical factors contributing to these dysregulations in space environment include increased bone resorption, impaired anabolic response, and even difficulties in detecting oxidative stress in blood and urine samples. Enhanced oxidative stress affects mitochondrial and endothelial functions, contributes to reduced natriuresis and the development of hypertension, and may play an additive role in the formation of kidney stones. Finally, the composition of urine protein excretion is significantly altered, depicting possible tubular dysfunction.
Highlights
Space exploration draws a growing amount of attention for scientific purposes, and for recreational travelling
Oxygen is vital for aerobic organisms, and more than 90% is consumed in energy production (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain (ETC), which is located on the apical side of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Earlier observations suggest a reduction in both diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in a microgravity environment [85], while the initial increase in systolic blood pressure observed during a space stay was downregulated after a couple of weeks to preflight levels, and it was accompanied by a new motive in blood pressure control during space travel [86]
Summary
Space exploration draws a growing amount of attention for scientific purposes, and for recreational travelling This is mirrored in the efforts made to gain detailed knowledge on the special conditions that characterize space environment. These conditions include weightlessness, exposure to cosmic radiation, hypogravity, and hyperoxia for astronauts [1]. After take-off, spacecraft members have to face major accelerating forces and gravity change conditions that are simulated during training in parabolic flight conditions [4] Those rapidly changing circumstances carry a significantly stressful burden for humans [5] which recently has been paralleled with the physiology of ageing [6]
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