Abstract
Carotenoids are natural fat-soluble pigments synthesized by plants, algae, fungi and microorganisms. They are responsible for the coloration of different photosynthetic organisms. Although they play a role in photosynthesis, they are also present in non-photosynthetic plant tissues, fungi, and bacteria. These metabolites have mainly been used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to their utilization as pigmentation, they have significant therapeutically applications, such as improving immune system and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Primarily, they have attracted attention due to their antioxidant activity. Several statistical investigations indicated an association between the use of carotenoids in diets and a decreased incidence of cancer types, suggesting the antioxidant properties of these compounds as an important factor in the scope of the studies against oxidative stress. Unusual marine environments are associated with a great chemical diversity, resulting in novel bioactive molecules. Thus, marine organisms may represent an important source of novel biologically active substances for the development of therapeutics. Marine carotenoids (astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein but also the rare siphonaxanthin, sioxanthin, and myxol) have recently shown antioxidant properties in reducing oxidative stress markers. Numerous of bioactive compounds such as marine carotenoids have low stability, are poorly absorbed, and own very limited bioavailability. The new technique is nanoencapsulation, which can be used to preserve marine carotenoids and their original properties during processing, storage, improve their physiochemical properties and increase their health-promoting effects. This review aims to describe the role of marine carotenoids, their potential applications and different types of advanced nanoformulations preventing and treating oxidative stress related disorders.
Highlights
The World Health Organization revealed that approximately 80% of the world’s population count on medicinal plants, in order to maintain their health or for treatment purposes
The bioavailability of fucoxanthin from chitosan-glycolipid hybrid nanogels was the highest compared to chitosan nanogels without glycolipid, mixture of fucoxanthin with glycolipid and control groups
It has been known that marine organisms serve as an extensive source for bioactive secondary metabolites due to their viability in extreme environments and conditions
Summary
The World Health Organization revealed that approximately 80% of the world’s population count on medicinal plants, in order to maintain their health or for treatment purposes. Marine organisms attracted the interest of scientists due to the substantial bioactivities of their extracts and isolates In this purpose, a number of metabolites of a wide variety of chemical classes, including terpenes, shikimates, polyketides, acetogenins, peptides, alkaloids, and many unidentified and uncharacterized structures, were purified from marine bio resources and exhibited several utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals [2]. A number of metabolites of a wide variety of chemical classes, including terpenes, shikimates, polyketides, acetogenins, peptides, alkaloids, and many unidentified and uncharacterized structures, were purified from marine bio resources and exhibited several utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals [2] Those compounds have various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticoagulant [4]. Amongst them carotenoids have become the topic of great interest for pharmaceutical industry; they have significant antioxidant activities and anticancer activities [5,6,7,8]
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