Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. However, large interventional studies with antioxidants failed to show benefits in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or diabetes mellitus. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the association of oxidative stress markers and periodontitis. Technical and biological variability is high for most of the analyzed markers and none of them seems to be optimal for routine clinical use. In a research setting, analysis of a palette of oxidative stress markers is needed to cover lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and the antioxidant status. The source of reactive oxygen species and their role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remains unclear. Interventional experiments indicate that oxidative stress might be more than just a simple consequence of the inflammation. Small studies have confirmed that some antioxidants could have therapeutic value at least as an addition to the standard non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. A clear evidence for the efficiency of antioxidant treatment in large patient cohorts is lacking. Potentially, because lowering of oxidative stress markers might be a secondary effect of anti-inflammatory or antibacterial agents. As the field of research of oxidative stress in periodontitis gains attraction and the number of relevant published papers is increasing a systematic overview of the conducted observational and interventional studies is needed. This review summarizes the currently available literature linking oxidative stress and periodontitis and points toward the potential of adjuvant antioxidant treatment, especially in cases where standard treatment fails to improve the periodontal status.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is both, a pathomechanism involved in numerous inflammatory diseases causing damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins—oxidative distress, as well as an important physiological process that enables the immune system to cope with microorganisms and intracellular cell signaling—oxidative eustress (Sies et al, 2017)
Oxidative Stress and Periodontitis been neglected for years and so, much more is known about the pathological role of oxidative stress
Numerous studies have been published showing the potential of oxidative stress markers for screening, diagnosis or monitoring of the disease, but none is in routine clinical use
Summary
A pathomechanism involved in numerous inflammatory diseases causing damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins—oxidative distress, as well as an important physiological process that enables the immune system to cope with microorganisms and intracellular cell signaling—oxidative eustress (Sies et al, 2017). The term oxidative stress is vague, antioxidants might affect many processes not directly related to free radical generation or action (Niki, 2016) This makes the interpretation of studies focusing on oxidative stress in periodontitis difficult. Superoxide dismutase activity (Huang et al, 2014) along with catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity (Tonguç et al, 2011) as important contributor to the total antioxidant capacity was found to be lower in periodontitis In line with these results from blood, in the majority of studies, the antioxidant status was lower locally—in saliva. Lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase and interleukin 1 beta were all positively correlated with the clinical markers of periodontal damage (Wei et al, 2004) Whether such associations of higher antioxidant and pro-inflammatory response are a consequence or cause of severe periodontitis cannot be judged only from observations. Regarding the analyzed markers of oxidative stress, a comparison of the published studies is complicated, if not impossible due to the huge variability of measured markers
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
