Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is an atherosclerotic disease of arterial vessels that mostly affects arteries of lower extremities. Effort induced cycles of ischemia and reperfusion lead to increased reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria. Therefore, the pathophysiology of peripheral artery disease is a consequence of metabolic myopathy, and oxidative stress is the putative major operating mechanism behind the structural and metabolic changes that occur in muscle. In this review, we discuss the evidence for oxidative damage in peripheral artery disease and discuss management strategies related to antioxidant supplementation. We also highlight the major pathways governing oxidative stress in the disease and discuss their implications in disease progression. Potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic methods related to these mechanisms are explored, with an emphasis on the Nrf2 pathway.
Highlights
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition characterized by a narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the brain or the heart, most commonly affecting arteries of lower extremities (Hiatt et al 2008)
The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PAD and discuss the value of antioxidant therapy and exercise training on the prognosis of PAD
Based on the reviewed data, oxidative stress related to ischemia reperfusion is likely a major operating mechanism of PAD myopathy
Summary
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition characterized by a narrowing of arteries other than those that supply the brain or the heart, most commonly affecting arteries of lower extremities (Hiatt et al 2008). Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. REVIEW: Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Artery Disease classification (Norgren et al 2007). Stage I is considered asymptomatic, and patients presenting with intermittent claudication (walking-induced leg muscle pain relieved by rest) are classified in Fontaine Stage 2. In the later stages of PAD, patients exhibit foot pain at rest (Fontaine Stage 3), and/or ulcers and gangrene (Fontaine Stage 4) (Norgren et al 2007)
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