Abstract
Hemodynamic dysfunction mainly characterizes pathophysiology of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) leading to chronic ischemia. Hemodynamic dysfunction is the origin of intermittent claudication (chronic PAD) or of critical limb ischemia (very severe PAD). Notably, it is well known that oxidative stress (OxS) plays a pathophysiological role in PAD. The higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from OxS and reduced redox capability are two crucial players in initiating and progressing PAD. A number of biomarkers highlight OxS and monitor it in PAD. The present review summarizes data on OxS, on biomarkers available to mark OxS occurrence and to monitor on PAD progression, as well as to evaluate the effects treatments in PAD patients. In conclusion, by detailing OxS and its biomarkers, we hope to encourage more studies to focus on drugs which combat OxS and inflammation.
Highlights
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one clinical aspect of atherosclerotic disease, presenting impaired blood flow in the lower limbs and where intermittent claudication is the most significant symptom (Table 1) [1,2]
PAD patients have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity [3,4], because they suffer from several arterial co-morbidities [5,6]
We demonstrated low heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plasma in PAD patients but no relationship was found between heme oxygenase (HO)-1 plasma levels with the progressive stages of PAD [79]
Summary
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one clinical aspect of atherosclerotic disease, presenting impaired blood flow in the lower limbs and where intermittent claudication is the most significant symptom (Table 1) [1,2]. Epidemiology of PAD ranges to more than 200 million of subject worldwide, it affects a mainly affects 60–65 year-old individuals affecting more than 20 million patients in Europe and North America [12,13,14,15,16]. PAD mainly affects 60–65 year-old individuals affecting more than 20 million patients in Europe and North America. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease so inflammation has a crucial role in promoting, initiating and progressing PAD [13,14,15,16,17]. There is a close association between OxS and cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress biomarkers marking their progression. < 2 min discrepancy oxygen request arterial supply mild claudication moderate claudication. Skinn necrosis gangrene severe skin hypoxia acidosis minor tissue loss major tissue loss
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