Abstract
The demand for clean fuels is increasing throughout the world, with more stringent environmental regulations for transportation fuels including marine fuels, particularly regarding their sulfur content. Moreover, the quality of crude oil and derived petroleum cuts is getting lower while fossil fuels are still in high demand. Heavy oils are characterized by high sulfur content where most sulfur is found in bulky thiophenic structures difficult to remove using conventional high pressure hydrodesulfurization process. However they appeared more reactive in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process, carried out at mild conditions without hydrogen pressure. This review focuses for the first time on the heavy fuels initially containing more than 0.5 wt.%S and upgraded by the ODS process. Different attractive approaches of the literature towards ODS are reported using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Recent developments in ODS assisted with ultrasound technology and the use of ionic liquid to enhance ODS efficiency will be fully detailed and discussed to better understand their viability when applied to high sulfur content, high viscosity, and high boiling point feeds.
Highlights
As reported by the International Energy Agency, global energy requirements have risen more slowly than in the past but are still expected to increase by 30% [1] between today and 2040, with oil demand continuing to grow until 2040 mainly due to the dynamism of China and India
With model containing a of well-defined sulfur molecules remaining after hydrotreatment of a gas oil (LGO 50ppmS) and a middle distillate was thatsulfide reactivity was observed in the reversed order, with the following order for oxidative desulfurization (ODS): 4,6-to well-known molecules, it was shown that confirmed one of the advantages of ODS
The authors compared oxidative desulfurization rates for various petroleum fractions from the same crude oil, initially containing 1.12 wt.%S for Abu Bakar et al and 2.5 wt.%S for Otaibi et al Oxidation was carried out using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid followed by extraction with DMF
Summary
As reported by the International Energy Agency, global energy requirements have risen more slowly than in the past but are still expected to increase by 30% [1] between today and 2040, with oil demand continuing to grow until 2040 mainly due to the dynamism of China and India. To accommodate the increasingly stringent regulations on permissible sulfur levels be limited to only 0.5% These specifications, beneficial from an environmental point of view, present in fuels more severe conditions of temperature andpetroleum pressurerefining and increasing consumption are a major technical and economic challenge for the industry forhydrogen adapting refineries required. Taking into account the use of heavier crude oils and the interest to develop a finishing review focuses on the ODS process applied to high sulfur content fuels having a sulfur content above process but globaland desulfurization processofwithout using the expensive hydrogen reactant, 0.5awt.%S highlights the upgrading heavy fuels by ODS suitable for marine fuelsthis review is currently more and more extreme.
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