Abstract
The river Ganga basin accommodates large scale of agricultural activities, where large quantities of pesticides are applied. To assess the biological impact of pesticide residues that are continuously entering in the water body, biomarkers are common approach in bio-monitoring study as early warning signals to pollutants. In the present study qualitative and quantitative analyses of gill and liver histopathological and the biochemical parameters were determined in Rita rita and Cyprinus carpio. The difference in the histopathology and oxidative stress responses emphasize the response of selected fishes to the presence of contaminants in the water. Sloughing of lamellar epithelium and their disruption, dilated vessels, lamellar fusion, smooth muscle hypertrophy in the gill and necrosis, Vacuolation in hepatocytes, inflammation and distorted arterial walls were seen in the liver. The biochemical parameters were the main contributors to discriminate the changes in the fish physiology. In conclusion, the gill and liver histopathological responses, although not reflecting specific contaminants, but can be used as biomarkers of environmental contamination.
Highlights
The river Ganga basin accommodates large scale of agricultural activities, where large quantities of pesticides are applied
The bio-geographical structure of river Ganga has changed by large scale of anthropogenic activities such as usage of large quantity of pesticides in the agricultural areas along the basin[1–3]
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH), guanidine hydrochloride and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) used were purchased from Sigma Aldrich
Summary
The river Ganga basin accommodates large scale of agricultural activities, where large quantities of pesticides are applied. Based on earlier findings[3–7] these chemicals persist in the compartments for years causing impact on non-target organisms[3,7] under altered physico-chemical p arameters[4] the structure and functioning of the cell may change. Biomonitoring in order to assess ecosystem integrity at regular basis is essential for management of aquatic ecosystem The biomarkers such as oxidative stress markers non-specific has proved to be meaning indicators of health of both marine and fresh water for it is responsible for the alteration in bio-molecules. In the backdrop of above cited literature, histopathological changes in gills and liver upon toxicant exposure are useful tool to assess the impact of the toxicity in vital processes of a living organism. The present study was carried out to evaluate oxidative stress, biochemical changes and histopathological changes in the two commonly edible fishes collected from two different sites of pesticide contaminated river Ganga
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