Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfan, Heptachlor and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Their Impact on Its Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses.

Md Ariful Islam,Md Kamal Uddin,Aziz Arshad,Abdul Shukor Juraimi,Christopher L Brown,S M Nurul Amin

doi:10.3390/toxics9120340

Abstract

Pesticides such as endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin persist in aquatic environments as a result of their resistance to biodegradation. However, there is no adequate information about the toxicity of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to the aquatic organism, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)—a high valued widely distributed commercially interesting species. The current experiment was performed with the aim to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); their behavioral abnormalities and histopathological alterations in several vital organs. A total of 324 juvenile fish were exposed for 96 h to six concentrations of endosulfan and dieldrin at 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 ppm, and to heptachlor at concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 ppm for dose-response tests. The study demonstrated that the species is highly susceptible to those contaminants showing a number of behavioral abnormalities and histopathological changes in gill, liver and muscle. The 96-h LC50 value of endosulfan, dieldrin and heptachlor for the African catfish was found as 0.004 (0.001−0.01) mg/L, 0.006 mg/L and 0.056 (0.006−0.144) mg/L, respectively. Abnormal behaviors such as erratic jerky swimming, frequent surfacing movement with gulping of air, secretion of mucus on the body and gills were observed in response to the increasing exposure concentrations. Histopathological alterations of liver, gill and muscle tissues were demonstrated as vacuolization in hepatocytes, congestion of red blood cells (RBCs) in hepatic portal vein; deformed secondary lamellae and disintegrated myotomes with disintegrated epidermis, respectively. These findings are important to monitor and responsibly manage pesticide use in and around C. gariepinus aquacultural areas.

Highlights

This article is an open access articlePesticides are widely applied in intensive agricultural and aquaculture settings to manage pest populations such as insects, weeds, mollusks and microbial pathogens
This study aims to improve our knowledge of how endosulfan, dieldrin and heptachlor affect African catfish, Clarias gariepinus through the determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50 ) values; investigation of the behavioral abnormalities as well as observation of the histopathological responses of gill, liver and muscle to these compounds
This work investigates the acute toxicity of endosulfan, dieldrin and heptachlor to African catfish Clarias gariepinus through dose-response relationship, including behavioral abnormalities and histopathological alterations of vital organs

Summary

Introduction

This article is an open access articlePesticides are widely applied in intensive agricultural and aquaculture settings to manage pest populations such as insects, weeds, mollusks and microbial pathogens. Organochlorines are among the most serious concerns as a result of their persistence in air, sediment and ground water, and their propensity for bioaccumulation in food webs, often resulting in deposition in fish gill, liver, muscle, kidney, stomach and brain tissues [3,4,5]. These pesticides are associated with a range of carcinogenic, teratogenic and endocrinedisruptive effects in vertebrate organisms, including humans [6]. Endosulfan is a highly persistent organic pollutant with a half-life in water from 3 to around 150 days, depending on the parameters such as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and the presence or absence of aquatic pollutants [9]

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