Abstract
Single crystal superalloys had greatly improved cyclic oxidation resistance when their sulfur content was reduced from impurity levels, typically 5–10 ppmw in past years, down to 1 ppmw or below currently. Excellent alumina scale adhesion has been documented for PWA 1480, PWA J484, Rene’N5, Rene’N6, and CMSX 4, all without reactive element (Y) additions. Hydrogen annealing was used for effective desulfurization to below 0.1 ppmw, as well as for achieving controlled intermediate levels. This paper summarizes the direct relationship between cyclic oxidation behavior and sulfur content. An adhesion criterion has been proposed based on the concentration of sulfur needed to initiate spallation due to a monolayer of interfacial segregation. This suggests that a level down to ∼0.2 ppmw would be needed to maximize adhesion for a 1 mm thick sample. It is in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
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