Oxidant aggregate-induced porosity in vapour-deposited polymer films and correlated impact on electrochemical properties

Abstract

ABSTRACT Persistently doped conjugated polymers are integral for energy storage, flexible electronics, and biosensors due to their unique ability to interact with both ionic and electronic currents. To maximise the performance of devices across these fields, research has focused on controlling material properties to optimise conductivities of both types of charge carriers. The challenge lies in improving ionic transport, which is typically the rate-limiting step in redox processes, without sacrificing electronic conductivity or desirable mechanical properties. Here we report on control of nanostructure in vapour deposited conducting polymer films and correlate changes in film structure with resulting electrochemical properties. Structural control is enabled by exploiting the growth of oxidant nanoaggregates during the reactive vapour deposition process. Relative to dense films, porous films exhibit faster response times in electrochemical testing. Scan rate analysis confirms a transition away from diffusion-limited charging kinetics and demonstrates the important role that porosity can play in ion transport through electroactive polymers. Advantageously, continuous polymer networks remain evident in nanostructured films, ensuring that high electronic conductivities are maintained along with high porosity. We find that such enhanced properties are retained even as polymer thickness increases ten-fold. The films reported herein may serve as robust electrodes in flexible electrochemical devices.