Abstract
Hard carbon has become the most promising commercial anode material for sodium-ion batteries, due to its excellent sodium storage performance and low cost. However, the complexity and diversity of hard carbon structure make the sodium storage mechanism uncertain, meanwhile the low potential plateau region may cause sodium metal plating. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the sodium storage and metal plating mechanisms of hard carbon. In this paper, we firstly conclude the structural model of hard carbon and briefly introduce the structure related issues. And then, various sodium storage mechanisms are comprehensively introduced with the special emphasis on the differences of the plateau region. Subsequently, for the metal plating problem of the hard carbon anode, the states of the sodium stored at different voltage regions are illustrated thoroughly. Finally, the competing process between the sodium storage and metal plating in hard carbon has been insightfully discussed, and controlling measures have been proposed. This review focuses the intrinsic relationship between the sodium storage and plating for hard carbon, which may provide some useful guidelines for designing the high-capacity and high-rate anode material, as well as making the reasonable operating regulation of the sodium-ion batteries.
Published Version
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