OTTOMAN REFORMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE LEVANT ARAB STATES AS A MODEL

Abstract

he period of Ottoman reforms had been begun in the 18th Century precisely in1839 during the reign of Sultan Abdul Majid. That period was distinguished by several attempts to upgrade the entire system and the bill of rights and modernize the Ottoman Empire where also attempts were made to include and integrate Muslims and foreigners into Ottoman society by improving their civil liberties and granting them, some other rights and equality, self-reliant and equal opportunities with citizens in the Ottoman Empire. European countries took advantage of that gap and tried to interfere in the country's internal affairs country. Moreover, and at that time, the reign of Sultan Abdul Majid was comprehensively more opening to the reforms aiming at preserving the empire and showed the powers of the national government as desired by the predecessors.It is definitely known that the line of Sharif Kalkhana and Sherif Humayun in 1839 and 1956 respectively had incredible impacts on the Arab states specifically in the Levant countries, where the Ottoman Empire was able to implement its quite huge reforming protocol especially in the state of Syria.