Osseointegration of dental implants with various surface types

Abstract

Despite numerous modifications to the surface of the implants, the use of calcium-phosphate components is the most used technique because of the similarity in composition to the extracellular bone matrix. It is the presence of calcium and phosphorus ions, as well as the optimal sizes of surface structures that can increase the absorption of proteins and the adhesion of osteoblastic differential cells on the implant surface. However, many questions remain regarding the effect of the size of surface modifications, the possibility of using micro- and nanoscale modifications, and the effectiveness of various types of coatings in the long-term post-implantation osteogenesis. In addition, the influence of the mechanical parameters of the implant itself in combination with various types of surface modification has not been sufficiently studied.Objective — to study using tissue electron microscopy of tissue mechanisms of osseointegration in an experiment on laboratory animals.Material and methods. In order to study the processes occurring after implantation, we used 5 types of dental implants. In the experiment, Chinchilla rabbits were used at the age of 4–5 months with an initial weight of 3–3.5 kg in an amount of 60 individuals. To study the processes of osseointegration in the early stages (5 days), the implant was separated from the bone and its preparation was carried out for scanning electron microscopy.Results. Analyzing the data of scanning electron microscopy in a month, bone tissue is formed, which is represented by lamellar and coarse-fibered bone and also connective tissue, which has a lower electron density and is well visualized in combination with calcified tissues. It should be noted that there is a significant difference (p≤0.05) between alloys without a hydroxyapatite coating and KTZ-125-HA and β (Ti-Zr) -NA. The presence of a significantly larger amount of connective tissue around implants with an unchanged surface indicates a significant effect of hydroxyapatite on the development of bone tissue.Conclusions. In the early stages after the implantation of metal structures with bioinert alloys, adhesion of the organic matrix occurs on their surface. Bone formation processes occur on the surface of the implant. The biomechanical parameters of alloys play a key role in the process of bone remodeling around implants.