Abstract
AbstractMovement of solution through clays in response to salt concentration differences and in response to hydraulic pressure differences was measured. Rate of movement of solution in response to an “osmotic pressure” difference was divided by the rate of movement in response to an energywise equal hydraulic pressure difference to obtain osmotic efficiency coefficients. These osmotic efficiency coefficients are increased by saturating the clay with monovalent rather than divalent cations, using divalent rather than monovalent anions, decreasing the water content of the clay plug and by decreasing the average concentration of the outside solution. Effects of these factors on the osmotic efficiency are predicted by diffuse layer theory (negative adsorption of salt) and hydrodynamic considerations.
Published Version
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