Origin of hysteresis in resistive switching in magnetite is Joule heating

Abstract

In many transition-metal oxides the electrical resistance is observed to undergo dramatic changes induced by large biases. In magnetite, ${\text{Fe}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{4}$, below the Verwey temperature, an electric-field-driven transition to a state of lower resistance was recently found, with hysteretic current-voltage response. We report the results of pulsed electrical conduction measurements in epitaxial magnetite thin films. We show that while the high- to low-resistance transition is driven by electric field, the hysteresis observed in $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ curves results from Joule heating in the low-resistance state. The shape of the hysteresis loop depends on pulse parameters and reduces to a hysteresis-free ``jump'' of the current provided thermal relaxation is rapid compared to the time between voltage pulses. A simple relaxation-time thermal model is proposed that captures the essentials of the hysteresis mechanism.