Abstract
In this chapter, the author first defines different orientations of bilingual education programs around the globe based on a nation or region's historical background, people's needs, and the status quo viewed from political, societal, economical, and other factors. Different orientations toward bilingual education may include those focusing on maintenance of minority or indigenous languages, focusing on restructuring language policies after independence, focusing on maintaining or expanding existing bilingualism, and focusing on promoting English in an era of globalization. The discussion of different orientations toward bilingual education is then followed by discussions of ideologies behind the structuring of bilingual education.
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