Organism-Generated Biological Vesicles In Situ: An Emerging Drug Delivery Strategy.

Abstract

Biological vesicles, containing genetic materials and proteins of the original cells, are usually used for local or systemic communications among cells. Currently, studies on biological vesicles as therapeutic strategies or drug delivery carriers mainly focus on exogenously generated biological vesicles. However, the limitations of yield and purity caused by the complex purification process still hinder their clinical transformation. Recently, it has been reported that living organisms, including cells and bacteria, can produce functional/therapeutic biological vesicles within body automatically. Therefore, using organisms to produce endogenous biological vesicles in body as drug/bio-information delivery carriers has become a potential therapeutic strategy. In this review, the current development status and application prospects of in situ organism-produced biological vesicles are introduced. The advantages and effects of this endogenous biological vesicles-based strategy in drug delivery and disease treatments are analyzed. According to the type of endogenous biological vesicles, they are divided into four categories: exosomes, platelet-derived microparticles, apoptotic bodies, and bacteria-released outer membrane vesicles. And finally, the shortcomings of current research and future development are analyzed. This review is believed to open up the application of endogenous biological vesicles in the field of biomedicine and shed light on current research.