Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, a newly developed class of flower-like hybrid nanoparticles, have received much attention due to their simple synthesis, high efficiency, and enzyme stabilizing ability. This article covers, in detail, the types, structural features, mechanism of formation, and bio-related applications of hybrid nanoflowers. The five major types of hybrid nanoflowers are discussed, i.e., copper–protein, calcium–protein, and manganese–protein hybrid nanoflowers, copper–DNA hybrid nanoflowers, and capsular hybrid nanoflowers. The structural features of these nanoflowers, such as size, shape, and protein ratio generally determine their applications. Thus, the specific characteristics of hybrid nanoflowers are summarized in this review. The interfacial mechanism of nanoflower formation is examined in three steps: first, combination of metal ion and organic matter; second, formation of petals; third, growth of nanoflowers. The explanations provided herein can be utilized in the development of innovative approaches for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers for prospective development of a plethora of hybrid nanoflowers. The future prospects of hybrid nanoflowers in the biotechnology industry, medicine, sensing, and catalysis are also discussed.
Highlights
Since the inceptive studies of new nanomaterials in the early 2000s, various nanomaterials with captivating morphologies such as the core–shell structure [1], and Janus particle [2] have been developed
The topographical features of nanoflowers have piqued the interests of scientists because the higher surface-to-volume ratio in comparison with spherical nanoparticles is beneficial to enhancement in the efficiency of surface reactions
The flower-like hybrid nanomaterials generated by this process are called “organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers” or “hybrid nanoflowers”
Summary
Since the inceptive studies of new nanomaterials in the early 2000s, various nanomaterials with captivating morphologies such as the core–shell structure [1], and Janus particle [2] have been developed. To facilitate application in drug delivery systems or detectors, novel nanomaterials called “nanobiomaterials” have been developed These are known as “organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials;” the name indicates that all of the inorganic nanoparticle components are bound to organic materials. The flower-like hybrid nanomaterials generated by this process are called “organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers” or “hybrid nanoflowers” Their synthesis mechanism, physical properties, protein activity, stability, and reproducibility have been intensively studied, and far, these species have exhibited significantly better properties than the free enzymes. A new paradigm shift is required in application of hybrid nanoflowers from enzyme stability improvements and efficient drug delivery systems to new horizons such as cell imaging, biosensor, and medical approaches. Each efficiency of the nanoflowers was found to be the same or superior to (95–650 %) to those
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