Organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: A comprehensive review of current trends, advances, and future perspectives

Abstract

Hierarchical nanocomposites with a flower-like morphology, referred to as organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs), can be prepared using a combination of organic and inorganic components. HNFs show good potential as host platforms for immobilizing a large range of biomolecules. Over the past decade, HNFs have gained widespread interest due to their unique and excellent properties. Henceforth, a comprehensive review is needed to provide a timely update on the progress and challenges of these nanomaterials. In this review, a strategy for classifying HNFs based on their organic components to explore the commonalities and influence of various biomolecules in HNFs is first summarized. Next, the influence of the synthetic process on the structure–function relationship of HNFs is reviewed. The development of functionalized HNFs to effectively recycle nanomaterials and satisfy the requirements of specific applications is discussed. The extensive utilization of HNF materials in industrial biocatalysis, environmental bioremediation, antibacterial properties, and biosensors is then highlighted. In particular, this section focuses on the multiple functions of a series of HNF-based biosensors for the diagnosis and prevention of medical diseases. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects for the further development of efficient and multi-functional HNF-based biocatalysts are presented. This topical review opens new avenues in numerous branches of biotechnology engineering, which may inspire new ideas and research directions.