An insight into the nanoarchitecture of electrode materials on the performance of supercapacitors

Abstract

Supercapacitors have garnered significant attention in recent years owing to their exceptional attributes, such as high power density, prolonged cycle stability, and the capacity to fulfil the gap between the traditional capacitor and lithium-ion battery. Nanostructures with different dimensions (zero-dimensional, 0D; one-dimensional, 1D; two-dimensional, 2D; and three-dimensional, 3D) were employed as electrodes. Such material’s architecture at the nanoscale has resulted in outstanding electrochemical characteristics, contributing to the development of high-performance Supercapacitors. Recent advances in the design of nanostructured electrode materials for Supercapacitors were highlighted and new insight into the structure property relationship is provided in this authoritative review. Unique classification of electrode materials based on dimensionality, namely, 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D was provided with emphasis on performance, namely, specific capacitance, energy density, power density and cyclability. The impact of nanostructures on key Supercapacitor properties that include the specific capacitance, charge transfer kinetics, diffusion, rate capability, as well as cycle life were also highlighted. These insights serve as a guidance for the development of commercially viable Supercapacitors with applications in day to day life, for instance, in drones used in the war-zones.