Organic pollutants in protected plain areas: The occurrence of PAHs, musks, UV-filters, flame retardants and hydrocarbons in woodland soils

Abstract

Protected woodlands are rare and small portions of the plain territory of northern Italy, where agricultural, industrial and urban activities strongly dominate the landscape. Such natural areas are frequently set on river floodplains and are therefore potentially conditioned by the contamination brought by the surface waters. We investigated the occurrence of multiple categories of organic pollutants, including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Musk fragrances, UV-filters, organophosphorus and novel brominated Flame Retardants (FRs) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in woodland soils of eight different protected areas. The samples collected in the floodplains of the Po, Adige and Fratta rivers resulted more contaminated, with levels of PAHs up to 633 ng g−1. Moreover, these samples for the first time revealed the presence of personal care products, primarily 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and tonalide (AHTN), in soils of protected woodlands, reaching respectively 3.4 ng g−1 and 5.0 ng g−1, together with the occurrence of both organophosphorus and brominated FRs, with total concentrations up to 15 ng g−1. Higher concentrations of hydrocarbons, with TPH in the range 5–65 μg g−1, were instead reflecting the inputs of long chain n-alkanes from epicuticular waxes more than petrogenic contamination.