Abstract
Three main typical or ideal modes of social organization have been identified in the literature, namely the market, the redistribution, and the reciprocity (Polanyi 1944, 1968; Lindblom 1977; and Kornai, 1984, 1992). Our purpose is to introduce another type of social organization that we name the “destructive mode of coordination.” It is social organisation by coercive means. This type of organization has almost entirely been neglected in the literature, although it has existed since ancient times in different forms and varieties. A typical recent illustration is the social order under the Islamic Republic of Iran, which will be the focus of the paper.
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