Abstract
Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) is an uncommon disorder characterized by ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, ptosis, anesthesia of the forehead, and vision loss. It may be classified as part of a group of orbital apex disorders that includes superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) and cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS). Complete SOFS presents similarly to OAS, without the accompanying optic nerve impairment. CSS may include anesthesia of the cheek in addition to the signs seen in OAS. CSS can occur bilaterally.
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