Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies causing death worldwide, and Helicobacter pylori is a powerful inducer of precancerous lesions and GC. The oral microbiota is a complex ecosystem and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and resisting pathogens. It has been proposed that the gastric microbiota of oral origin is involved in the development and progression of GC. Nevertheless, the causal relationship between oral microbiota and GC and the role of H. pylori in this relationship is still controversial. This study was set to review the investigations done on oral microbiota and analyze various lines of evidence regarding the role of oral microbiota in GC, to date. Also, we discussed the interaction and relationship between H. pylori and oral microbiota in GC and the current understanding with regard to the underlying mechanisms of oral microbiota in carcinogenesis. More importantly, detecting the patterns of interaction between the oral cavity microbiota and H. pylori may render new clues for the diagnosis or screening of cancer. Integration of oral microbiota and H. pylori might manifest a potential method for the assessment of GC risk. Hence it needs to be specified the patterns of bacterial transmission from the oral cavity to the stomach and their interaction. Further evidence on the mechanisms underlying the oral microbiota communities and how they trigger GC may contribute to the identification of new prevention methods for GC. We may then modulate the oral microbiota by intervening with oral-gastric bacterial transmission or controlling certain bacteria in the oral cavity.
Highlights
The relationship between oral microbiota and Gastric cancer (GC) Research studies have proved that oral pathogens are necessary in the GC development (Table 1)
It is proposed that identifying specific oral microbiota proteins can help detect early GC
Integration of oral microbiota and H. pylori might manifest a potential method for the assessment of GC risk
Summary
The oral microbiota is a complicated ecosystem in the body. More than 700 bacterial species live in the human oral cavity, which include 11 bacterial phyla and 70 genera [1]. Many studies have provided evidence that oral microbiota play major roles in GI cancers [3,4,5]. This study was set to review the investigations done on oral microbiota and analyze various lines of evidence regarding the role of oral microbiota in GC, to date. In this regard, the possible roles of oral microbiota in GC, the effects of oral microbiota on metabolic pathways and carcinogenic induction, the interaction and relationship between H. pylori and oral microbiota in GC, as well as the current understanding with regard to the underlying mechanisms of oral microbiota in carcinogenesis are discussed
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