Oral Infection by Lichen Planus: Types, Relevance, and Significance: A Review

Abstract

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin. It is referred to as oral lichen planus (OLP) when it develops inside the mouth. The condition may only occur in the mouth or also affect other body parts at the same time. It can also occur in the genitals, nails, and scalp. The condition is marked by the onset of a non-infectious, itchy rash. The rash is often small with an irregular shape. It also has a flat top and appears as pink or purple bumps. OLP affects about 1% of the population. OLP is sometimes triggered by the body's reaction to metals placed in the mouth. Examples are dental fillings and metal braces. There have also been reports of the disorder occurring due to mouth mannerisms. Examples are biting the cheeks or tongue. Clinically, six types of OLP, namely reticular, popular, plaque-like, atrophic/erosive, ulcerative, and bullous types, can be identified. OLP more commonly affects the buccal mucosa, tongue, and gingiva. It is important to note that OLP is not an infection. It is also not contagious. It is not passed on from person to person. It is also not linked to nutrition or nutritional deficiency. However, eating certain fruits, tomato-based products, and spicy food has been found to make the symptoms worse. OLP is more common in women than men. It is often diagnosed in patients aged 40 and above. However, it can also affect children and young adults.