Abstract
The subcutaneous injection of insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus can lead to patient non-compliance, discomfort, pain and local infection is a chronic metabolic health disease affecting the homeostasis of blood sugar levels in human beings. Oral route of drug delivery system has been the most widely accepted means of drug administration other than invasive drug delivery systems. For the development of an oral insulin delivery system, we have to focus on overcoming the various gastro-intestinal barriers for insulin uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome these barriers various types of formulations such as insulin conjugates, micro/nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogel, capsule, and tablets are designed to deliver insulin orally. Various potential ways to administer insulin orally has been explored over years but a fluctuating level of insulin release have been recorded. A number of advancement has taken place in the recent years for understanding the needs of improved oral delivery systems of insulin. This review article concentrates on the challenges for oral drug delivery of insulin as well as various carriers used for the oral drug delivery of insulin and also provides the relevant information about the clinical tested formulations of oral insulin and its patents.
Highlights
The subcutaneous injection of insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus can lead to patient non-compliance, discomfort, pain and local infection is a chronic metabolic health disease affecting the homeostasis of blood sugar levels in human beings
Diverse carriers used for non invasive drug delivery of insulin Insulin-loaded Bioadhesive PLGA Nanoparticles for Oral Drug Delivery PEGylation play an important role in increasing the stability of several therapeutic proteins[14].For the drug delivery system of proteins and peptides Poly (D, Llactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLGA-NP) have been used extensively
Aerosolized Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery of Insulin Pulmonary route for systemic delivery of peptides and proteins is paid more attention because it’s a noninvasive method of administrating insulin and it is valuable for the delivery of large molecular proteins[14].This method is effective for both type 1(T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)[19]
Summary
The effective treatment of diabetic person with insulin requires a route of administration that is painful to the patient. Presystemic enzymatic degradation and poor penetration of the intestinal membrane are the main reasons for the low oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs[2]. Polymeric particles will slowly degrade after absorption depending on the nature of the polymer; provide a sustained and controlled release of the drug[4,5].Various strategies have to be implemented to maximize oral insulin bioavailability to overcome GI barriers, and to bring safe and effective oral dosage form to the market[5]. Chitosan PLGA nanoparticle has some attractive properties, such as a mucosal adhesion, positive charge, and absorption enhancement, which increase the duration of residence of insulin in in-vitro and improve its bioavailability in in-vivo for oral delivery[15]. Chitosan–zinc–insulin Complex improvement in drug retention capability, provide improved permeation, enhanced mucoadhesion and sustained release of therapeutic agents[8]
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