Oral and Fecal Microbiome in Molar-Incisor Pattern Periodontitis

Pâmela Pontes Penas Amado,Diego Castillo Franco,Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana,Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin,Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza,Luciana Saraiva,Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer,Dione Kawamoto

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.583761

Abstract

In order to improve our understanding on the microbial complexity associated with Grade C/molar-incisor pattern periodontitis (GC/MIP), we surveyed the oral and fecal microbiomes of GC/MIP and compared to non-affected individuals (Control). Seven Afro-descendants with GC/MIP and seven age/race/gender-matched controls were evaluated. Biofilms from supra/subgingival sites (OB) and feces were collected and submitted to 16S rRNA sequencing. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) JP2 clone genotyping and salivary nitrite levels were determined. Supragingival biofilm of GC/MIP presented greater abundance of opportunistic bacteria. Selenomonas was increased in subgingival healthy sites of GC/MIP compared to Control. Synergistetes and Spirochaetae were more abundant whereas Actinobacteria was reduced in OB of GC/MIP compared to controls. Aa abundance was 50 times higher in periodontal sites with PD≥ 4 mm of GC/MIP than in controls. GC/MIP oral microbiome was characterized by a reduction in commensals such as Kingella, Granulicatella, Haemophilus, Bergeyella, and Streptococcus and enrichment in periodontopathogens, especially Aa and sulfate reducing Deltaproteobacteria. The oral microbiome of the Aa JP2-like+ patient was phylogenetically distant from other GC/MIP individuals. GC/MIP presented a higher abundance of sulfidogenic bacteria in the feces, such as Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis, Erysipelothrix tonsillarum, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius than controls. These preliminary data show that the dysbiosis of the microbiome in Afro-descendants with GC/MIP was not restricted to affected sites, but was also observed in supragingival and subgingival healthy sites, as well as in the feces. The understanding on differences of the microbiome between healthy and GC/MIP patients will help in developing strategies to improve and monitor periodontal treatment.

Highlights

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that affects periodontal tissues in response to a dysbiotic microbial community (Hajishengallis, 2015)
Afro-descendants were included in view of molar/incisor pattern periodontitis (MIP) demographic specificities
The present study revealed new aspects of MIP and contributed to the understanding of dysbiotic microbiome involved in the etiopathogenesis of this phenotype of periodontitis at the oral and intestinal levels

Summary

Introduction

Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that affects periodontal tissues in response to a dysbiotic microbial community (Hajishengallis, 2015). MIP shares some general features with other forms of periodontitis, its classification as a distinct disease entity is still under discussion (Fine et al, 2018, 2019). MIP, as the name suggests, affects incisors and first molars of adolescents and young adults associated to minimal plaque and rapid rate of progression (Fine et al, 2019). MIP is commonly associated with the putative pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) (Slots et al, 1980; Zambon et al, 1983), and the highly virulent strains belonging to the JP2 clone are associated with disease progression in young Afrodescendants (Bueno et al, 1998; Haubek et al, 2008; Höglund Åberg et al, 2014; Ennibi et al, 2019)

Methods

Results

Conclusion