Optimizing Plant Disease Classification with Hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Recurrent Neural Network and Liquid Time-Constant Network

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This paper addresses the practical challenge of detecting tomato plant diseases using a hybrid lightweight model that combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Traditional image classification models demand substantial computational resources, limiting their practicality. This study aimed to develop a model that can be easily implemented on low-cost IoT devices while maintaining high accuracy with real-world images. The methodology leverages a CNN for extracting high-level image features and an RNN for capturing temporal relationships, thereby enhancing model performance. The proposed model incorporates a Closed-form Continuous-time Neural Network, a lightweight variant of liquid time-constant networks, and integrates Neural Circuit Policy to capture long-term dependencies in image patterns, reducing overfitting. Augmentation techniques such as random rotation and brightness adjustments were applied to the training data to improve generalization. The results demonstrate that the hybrid models outperform their single pre-trained CNN counterparts in both accuracy and computational cost, achieving a 97.15% accuracy on the test set with the proposed model, compared to around 94% for state-of-the-art pre-trained models. This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of hybrid CNN-RNN models in improving accuracy without increasing computational cost and highlights the potential of liquid neural networks in such applications.