Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly developing technology with the potential for a wide range of applications, yet the technology and its possible risks are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop and analyse an abstraction hierarchy model of a hypothetical, advanced invasive BCI system lifecycle to identify potential design lifecycle risks. Ten subject matter experts participated in a workshop to validate a BCI lifecycle abstraction hierarchy, which was subsequently analysed using the Sociotechnical Systems-Design Toolkit (STS-DT) prompts. The analysis identified the system purpose of generating wealth for companies and shareholders conflicted with other system purposes relating to health and wellbeing. Findings also identified poorly supported system functions, such as the regulation of BCI technologies, and potentially unreliable system objects. In conclusion, it is recommended that the identified issues be addressed through a sociotechnical systems approach focusing on joint optimisation across the system.
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