Abstract
This paper aims to optimize fares and transfer discounts for public transit service along a bus-subway corridor with the consideration of effects of uncertainty in travel times and difference in stop spacing between bus and subway services on passenger behavior. The former factor is captured by the reserved time in travel cost and the latter one produces some passenger Origin–Destination (O–D) pairs along the corridor that can not be served by one mode only. This problem is formulated as a bi-level program, of which the upper level maximizes the social welfare and the lower-level capturing traveler choice behavior is a variable-demand Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE) assignment model. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to solve the bi-level program while the Method of Successive Averages (MSA) is adopted to solve the lower-level model. A series of numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the performance of the model and solution method. Numerical results indicate that the implementation of transfer discounts may be of great benefit to the social welfare and that the uncertainty in travel time and the difference in stop spacing play an important role in determining optimal fares and transfer discounts for the service along a bus-subway corridor.
Highlights
In the past decade, a public transit system composed of bus and subway services has been advocated as an efficient and preferred way to meet ever-increasing urban travel demand and relieve traffic congestion in metropolitan cities around the world
The optimal fare of subway service in the third scenario increases by 0.3 ¥, and the fare of bus service only increases by 0.1 ¥ comparing with that in the second scenario, which results in a lager reduced value (3.5%) in the passenger demand share of subway direct paths and a smaller reduced value (0.1%) in the passenger demand share of bus direct paths, respectively
One is the uncertainty in travel time of mode, which is due to the unstable operational environment of transit modes and/or random factors
Summary
A public transit system composed of bus and subway services has been advocated as an efficient and preferred way to meet ever-increasing urban travel demand and relieve traffic congestion in metropolitan cities around the world. The two intellectual merits differentiate this work from Liu et al (2017) Another intellectual merit of this work is the integration into the optimization model of difference in stop spacing between bus and subway services and the influence of uncertainty in travel time of each mode on passenger behavior. The demand along such a corridor is served by bus service only, subway service only or their conbined service. Liu et al Optimizing fares and transfer discounts for a bus-subway corridor
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