Optimizing extraction of collagen from hazardous leather shaving dusts by crude protease enzyme: Chrome recovery and reuse for leather rechroming

Abstract

This study explores an eco-friendly method to achieve 99.98 % dechroming (reducing Cr from 7700 to 4.71 ppm) of Chrome-tanned leather shaving dust (CSD), through enzymatic hydrolysis using crude protease. The enzyme exhibited strong activity (>40 U mL−1) across a temperature range of 50 °C to 65 °C and a pH range of 5 to 11. The pH of the mixture containing CSD, water, MgO, and enzyme was maintained at 8.9 during hydrolysis. The temperature, hydrolysis time, and enzyme concentration were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions of 17.57 % enzyme concentration, 62.01 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 7 h, the predicted collagen yield was 31.66 %. Laboratory experiments conducted with these predicted parameters resulted in a collagen recovery of 30.9 %, achieving an accuracy of 97.6 % compared to the predictions. In contrast, hydrolysis with MgO alone achieved only 87.01 % dechroming with about 2 % collagen yield, highlighting the enzyme's superior effectiveness. The enzymatic cleavage of peptide bonds in the leather matrix enhanced collagen solubilization. Characterization techniques, including FT-IR, NMR, XRD, DSC, and TGA, confirmed successful extraction and purity, with the collagen being rich in glycine and proline. Cytotoxicity results demonstrated its non-toxic nature, indicating potential applications in biomedical fields, tissue engineering, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The recovered chromium sulfate was reused for rechroming goat wet blue leather, with chrome content in crust leather treated with recovered basic chromium sulfate (rBCS) and fresh basic chromium sulfate (BCS) being 3.23 % and 3.35 %, respectively, both meeting industry standards for goat crust leather. SynopsisAn eco-friendly method for dechroming chrome-tanned leather shaving dust (CSD) and extracting collagen was established. The process achieved 99.98 % dechroming and 30.9 % collagen yield using crude protease enzyme. Characterization confirmed the collagen's purity, and recovered chromium sulfate was reused for rechroming goat leather, meeting industry standards.