Abstract
Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (LS-MIMO), a promising technology for the future wireless networks to boost the network capacity, unavoidably faces hardware cost and power consumption issues due to a large number of high-resolution power-hungry analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the receiver side. The low-resolution ADCs have recently been proven to be an effective solution to cut down the system cost. This paper studies the LS-MIMO communication systems where three-level ADCs, so-called Ternary ADCs (T-ADCs), are employed to achieve better energy efficiency in some LS-MIMO configurations. The truncation limit of the uniform scalar quantizer of the T-ADCs is optimized to minimize the quantization distortion on the LS-MIMO received signal, and thus its performance approaches that of the well-known Lloyd-Max algorithm while offering lower complexity and better robustness. Furthermore, our proposed solution is independent of the number of antennas. The LS-MIMO systems' performance with the proposed T-ADCs is substantially improved over the conventional 3- σ uniform scalar quantizer in three different performance metrics - achievable rates, iterative decoding thresholds of pragmatic protograph low-density parity-check codes (LDPC), and the frame error rate (FER)/bit error rate (BER). Our energy efficiency investigation reveals that proposed T-ADCs attain better energy efficiency than that of the 1-bit ADCs and 2-bit ADCs when the ratio between the receiving antennas and the transmitting antennas is low and medium as the power consumption of ADCs and the transmission power are better balanced in comparison with one-bit ADCs and two-bit ADCs.
Highlights
This paper proposes a new solution that is independent of the number of transmit antennas in the calculation of the truncation limits and the presentation points of the T-analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)
The performance evaluation of the Ternary ADCs (T-ADCs) via the iterative decoding thresholds is performed for a specific, pragmatic protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, but the result is achieved under the implicit assumption that the code block length is infinite
In this paper, we have proposed the solution to optimize the truncation limit of the ternary uniform quantizer, which is employed at the receiving antennas of the Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (LS-MIMO) communication systems
Summary
I N the forthcoming wireless networks (5G and beyond), the number of antennas at the order of tens and hundreds, so-called large-scale/massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems, is suggested as one of the key technologies to deliver high spectral efficiency, reliability, and powersaving [3]–[5]. Nguyen et al [14] investigated the idea of the coded massive MIMO systems where few-bit ADCs and protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are implemented. Their results showed that a large number of antennas at the receiver could compensate for the impairment of the low-resolution of the ADCs. Concerning the theoretical limit of MU-MIMO systems with low-resolution ADCs, Fan et al, [6], derived the sumrate expression for single-cell MU-MIMO systems in which both large-scale fading and fast fading effects are taken into account. This paper proposes a new solution that is independent of the number of transmit antennas in the calculation of the truncation limits and the presentation points of the T-ADCs
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