Abstract
The objective of this study is minimizing the frequency deviation due to the load variations and fluctuations of renewable energy resources. In this paper, a new type-2 fuzzy control (T2FLC) approach is presented for load frequency control (LFC) in power systems with multi-areas, demand response (DR), battery energy storage system (BESS), and wind farms. BESS is used to reduce the frequency deviations caused by wind energy, and DR is utilized to increase network stability due to fast load changes. The suggested T2FLC is online tuned based on the extended Kalman filter to improve the LFC accuracy in coordination of DR, BESS, and wind farms. The system dynamics are unknown, and the system Jacobian is extracted by online modeling with a simple multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP-NN). The designed LFC is evaluated through simulating on 10-machine New England 39-bus test system (NETS-39b) in four scenarios. Simulation results verifies the desired performance, indicating its superiority compared to a classical PI controllers, and type-1 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs). The mean of improvement percentage is about 20%.
Highlights
Introductionload frequency control (LFC) plays a basic role in improving the reliability of the system through power exchanges between areas
The methods are evaluated based on four different scenarios: 1) Disregarding demand response, battery energy storage system (BESS), and wind farms (Base mode)
The suggested controller is applied on power systems that include thermal units, wind farms, BESS, and DR and some limitations such as generation rate constraint (GRC), governor dead-bands, demand response delays, and BESS
Summary
LFC plays a basic role in improving the reliability of the system through power exchanges between areas. For this reason, many studies were conducted on frequency control, and various control methods were adopted [1]–[3]. It should be noted that unbalanced conditions between generating power and load lead to a rapid change in frequency, which may control the frequency, and frequency of the primary and secondary loads cannot take the frequency back to its normal level. In this case, a third frequency control loop called emergency control should be used, which is the last option to offset the
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