Abstract
Balancing the active power between the generation side and the demand side to maintain the frequency is one of the main challenging problems of integrating the increased intermittent wind power to the smart grid. Although the energy storage system, such as battery energy storage system (BESS), has potential to solve this problem, the installation of the BESS with large capacity is limited by its high cost. This chapter investigates the frequency regulation of the smart grid working in the isolated mode with wind farms by introducing not only the BESS but also dynamic demand control (DDC) via controllable loads and the plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) service. First, modelling of a single-area load frequency control (LFC) system is obtained, which includes the wind farms equipped with variable-speed wind turbines, the simplified BESS, the air conditioner based DDC and the distributed PEVs. The LFC system contains traditional primary and supplementary control loops and three additional control loops of the BESS, the PEVs and the DDC, respectively. Then, state-space models of the closed-loop LFC scheme with/without communication delays in the control loops are derived, and the stability of the closed-loop system with time delays is investigated via the Lyapunov functional based method. Third, gains of proportional integral derivative (PID)-type controllers are tuned based on the H∞ performance analysis and the particle swarm optimization searching algorithm. Case studies are carried out for the single-area smart power grid through the MATLAB®/Simulink platform. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulation studies demonstrate the contribution of the DDC, the BESS, and the PEVs to frequency regulation, and the robustness of the designed PID-type LFC against the disturbances caused by the load changes and the intermittent wind power and the delays arising in the control loops via theoretical analysis and the simulation studies.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
