Abstract
Raspberries have been reported to contain abundant anthocyanins and other active compounds. To extract anthocyanins from raspberries more efficiently, a novel procedure of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADESE) was proposed in this paper. The extraction process was optimized by response surface methodology coupled with a genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest yield of anthocyanins 1.378 ± 0.009 mg/g from raspberry powder via UADESE were obtained at a water content of 29%, ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 51 °C and extraction time of 32 min. The AB-8 macroporous resin combined with the high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) method were further used to isolate and purify the anthocyanins extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions, and the structure of purified anthocyanins components were identified by UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectra. The two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside with a purity of 92.25% and cyanidin-3-rutinoside with a purity of 93.07%) identified were consistent with those present in raspberries. These findings provided an effective and feasible method for extraction, isolation and purification of anthocyanins from natural plant resources.
Highlights
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are grown all over the world, including North America, Japan, Russia and Northeast China
The results indicated that the best extraction anthocyanin yield followed the order: deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-6 > DESs-4
This study was performed to investigate the ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UADESE) anthocyanins from raspberries and optimize the extraction conditions by using the genetic algorithm (GA) based on response surface methodology (RSM)
Summary
Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are grown all over the world, including North America, Japan, Russia and Northeast China. Raspberry cultivation is deeply favored because of its high nutritional value, unique aroma and attractive red pigment [1]. The raspberry is a good source of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, flavanols, various vitamins, superoxide dismutase and phenolic acids [2]. Anthocyanins, as one of the most essential active components in raspberries, are water-soluble natural pigments with a strong resistance to oxidation, responsible for reduction of the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic inflammation and ageing, as well as the improvement of immunity and protection of eyesight [3]. Anthocyanins extracted from raspberries have good stability, nontoxic side effects and strong coloring power, which can be used in the food and medicinal industries.
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