Abstract
Background/Objectives: The main objective of the present study is to screen an efficient plant extract sources for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and optimization of various conditions for the synthesis using a statistical methodology like Taguchi design. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against common wound causing dermal pathogens was also checked. Methods: The conditions for green synthesis, such as the concentration of silver nitrate, amount of plant extract, synthesis reaction time, temperature, and pH of the plant extract, were optimized by using Taguchi design (L27type). Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for the characterization of produced green AgNPs. The antibacterial activity of the obtained green AgNPs was tested against most common wound forming dermal pathogens like S1(Staphylococcus aureus-Multi drug-resistant, hospital strain), S2 (Staphylococcus aureus-pimple source), S3 (Staphylococcus aureuswound sample), S4 (Pseudomonas sp.-hospital sample), and S5 (Pseudomonas sp.-wound sample) using Agar well diffusion method. Findings: Thirty different aqueous leaf extracts were screened for AgNPs using a flask level unidimensional study. Among all, the aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera was found to be the most suitable for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The optimum conditions for the green synthesis of AgNPs were observed as pH- 7.0, temperature 35◦C, 10mM silver nitrate (AgNO3), 50% (v/v) plant extract for a time period of 30 min. Novelty/Applications: The Taguchi statistical method was used for the optimization of the green synthesis of AgNPs with suitable experiential tests. Finally, this rapid and easy process of green synthesis of AgNPs using aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera demonstrated broad spectrum activity as an antibacterial agent against the wound-causing dermal pathogens in the medical field by exhibiting the promising minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs as 0.0535mg/L. Keywords: Green synthesis; silver nanoparticles; Statistical optimization; Taguchi method Antibacterial activity
Highlights
Metallic nanoparticles have huge consideration deductively and innovatively because of their extraordinary and strange physico-chemical properties when contrasted with mass materials [1,2]
Many researchers have focused on AgNPs due to their significant applications in color filters, optical switching, optical sensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, etc. [20,21,22] and in clothing, respirators, household water filters, antibacterial sprays, cosmetics, detergents, dietary supplements, cutting boards, shoes, cell phones, laptop keyboards, and children toys are typical products currently in the market that exploit the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles [23,24,25].Taking their multiple applications into consideration, the annual synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been estimated to be 55 tons globally, and this is increasing according to the demand [26,27]
This may be due to the presence of biologically active constituents includes amino acids, enzymes, vitamins like A, C, E, quinones, lignin, sugars, salicylic acid, saponins, sterols [32] which prevents aggregation of nanoparticles [33]and especially hydroquinone’s in Aloe vera plant extract acts as the reducing agent [34]
Summary
Metallic nanoparticles have huge consideration deductively and innovatively because of their extraordinary and strange physico-chemical properties when contrasted with mass materials [1,2]. The green synthesis of nanoparticles using both microbial sources like bacteria [3], fungi [4], yeast [5], and plant materials [6,7] have gained prominence as they are clean, nonhazardous, and eco-friendly when compared to physical and chemical methods [8,9] Among these green methods, microorganisms intervened synthesis of nanoparticles isn’t industrially reasonable as maintenance of culture and fermentative process require profoundly sterile conditions[10].the reduction of metallic ions by microbes requires longer incubation time as compared to plant extracts [11]. Many researchers have focused on AgNPs due to their significant applications in color filters, optical switching, optical sensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, etc. [20,21,22] and in clothing, respirators, household water filters, antibacterial sprays, cosmetics, detergents, dietary supplements, cutting boards, shoes, cell phones, laptop keyboards, and children toys are typical products currently in the market that exploit the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles [23,24,25].Taking their multiple applications into consideration, the annual synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been estimated to be 55 tons globally, and this is increasing according to the demand [26,27]
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