Abstract
Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) is a highly perishable fruit, possessing enormous phytochemicals and nutrients with potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancerous properties. In the present investigation, spray drying parameters were optimized to produce custard apple pulp powder (CAPP) using response surface methodology (RSM). The drying was carried out in a laboratory spray dryer at different levels of inlet air temperature (100–140 °C), outlet air temperature (70–110 °C), and maltodextrin (MD) concentration (10–20 g/dL). The optimized condition comprised an inlet temperature of 135 °C, outlet temperature of 75 °C, and the maltodextrin content of 15 g/dL, respectively. Under this optimized condition, the maximum powder yield of 14.8 g/dL with moisture content of 5 g/100 g was obtained. The bulk density, yield, degree of caking, solubility index, and dispersibility were significant (p < 0.05) in optimized CAPP. Further, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the amorphous behavior of spray-dried CAPP, showing minimum hygroscopicity. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis of CAPP revealed better stability with a glass transition temperature of 200 °C, making it suitable at commercial and domestic level. The HPLC analysis of CAPP revealed the presence of phytonutrients like lutein and zeaxanthin having antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties.
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