Abstract
Bioink is the main component of 3D bioprinting process and is crucial for the generation of sophisticated 3D structures through precise spatial control. Therefore, bioink’s core material must have characteristics that support good printability as well as biocompatibility. However, there is a lack of bioinks developed that satisfy these characteristics at the same time. In this work, our aim was to develop a bioink that satisfies the needs for both printability and biocompatibility through effectively utilizing hydrocolloid materials. To do so, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG) were used to maintain proper shear properties at high pressure and increase the mechanical properties of bioink without excessively affecting the viscosity, and thus enhance printability and biocompatibility. Various bioink formulations were applied to 3D printing process and the printability optimization was carried out through adjusting the hydrocolloid contents in connection with different cross-linking methods. Through utilization of hydrocolloids, the printability and rheological analysis showed that the bioink has improved mechanical properties and confirmed that the printability could be adjusted by controlling the CMC and XG ratio. Moreover, cell viability and immunocytochemical staining analyses showed cell compatibility with enhanced stability. The proposed convenient method to control the printability with improved biocompatibility suggests more appropriate use of bioink for co-axial 3D bioprinting.
Highlights
KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
This study aims to develop a bioink that can satisfy both biocompatibility and printability all at once by employing the optimized composition of four different biomaterials, such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and xanthan gum (XG)
Fact that printability and biocompatibility do not increase at the same time poses a probsolve this problem, developed a bioink with enhanced printabilitybybyutilizing utilizing CMC
Summary
Our aim was to develop a bioink that satisfies the needs for both printability and biocompatibility through effectively utilizing hydrocolloid materials. The printability and rheological analysis showed that the bioink has improved mechanical properties and confirmed that the printability could be adjusted by controlling the CMC and XG ratio. Such bioinks need to have appropriate rheological properties to secure the cell viability from mechanical stress, such as shear stress, which could be generated by nozzle-based printing procedures [8,9,10]. During the 3D bioprinting process, appropriate viscosity is required for the bioink to maintain the acceptable level of mechanical strength to prevent the alteration of the printed structure [11]. Biocompatibility has been reported to rely on the porosity of hydrogel such that many of the cellular behaviors such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) are readily influenced by the availability of cell adhesive surface area [12,13,14,15,16,17]
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