Abstract
Using small-scale batch tests, various researchers investigated the adsorptive removal of fluoride using low-cost clay minerals, such as Bentonite. In this study, Column adsorption studies were used to investigate the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution using acid-treated Bentonite (ATB). The effects of initial fluoride concentration, flow rates, and bed depth on fluoride removal efficiency (R) and adsorption capability (qe) in continuous settings were investigated, and the optimal operating condition was determined using central composite design (CCD). The model’s suitability was determined by examining the relationship between experimental and expected response values. The analysis of variance was used to determine the importance of independent variables and their interactions. The optimal values were determined as the initial concentration of 5.51 mg/L, volumetric flow rate of 17.2 mL/min and adsorbent packed-bed depth of 8.88 cm, with % removal of 100, adsorptive capacity of 2.46 mg/g and desirability of 1.0. This output reveals that an acid activation of Bentonite has made the adsorbent successful for field application.
Highlights
The United Nations Development Program has set a target of delivering wholesome or healthy water for drinking to all by 2030 as a sustainable development goal
Implementing central composite design with response surface methodology (RSM) process for optimization comprises four main steps [14]: (i) Generate a statistical experimental plan based on the independent variables and execute the experiment according to the plan. (ii) Propose a mathematical model according to the responses of the experimental results and elaborate the result of analysis of variance. (iii) Check the accuracy of the model through diagnostic plots (iv)
Single and interaction effects of the independent factors on the % fluoride removal and fluoride adsorption capacity were studied by employing the central composite design (CCD) with RSM [19]
Summary
The United Nations Development Program has set a target of delivering wholesome or healthy water for drinking to all by 2030 as a sustainable development goal. Water pollution has become a big problem all over the world. The most significant problem with groundwater quality is fluoride pollution. As consequence of natural and human activity causes, fluoride contamination of groundwater has already become a serious problem, posing health risks to humans [1,2,3,4]. As with other developing countries, is dealing with fluoride contamination, especially in the Central Rift Valley. It is estimated that over 11 million people in Ethiopia’s Great Rift Valley depend on groundwater from sources that are contaminated with high fluoride concentration [5]. Coagulation and precipitation, membrane filtration, adsorption, advanced oxidation microfiltration, and ultrafiltration methods have all been used to treat fluoride contaminated potable water
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