Abstract
In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and classical extraction processes using distilled water as solvent from artichoke leaves which are considered as agricultural wastes. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content values of the obtained bioactive extracts were determined, and extraction yields and times were evaluated to compare the extraction processes. Also, the optimum extraction conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (extraction time and ultrasonic power) which provide the highest extraction yield were determined using D-optimal design by 'desirability' function approach. According to the results, bioactive extracts having high antioxidant capacity were obtained at shorter times and higher extraction yields by ultrasonic-assisted extraction process than classical extraction. The highest extraction yield was estimated as 98.46% with an application of 20.05 minutes of extraction time and 65.02% of ultrasonic amplitude for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process.
Highlights
One of the most important problems in the food industry is the management of waste produced during food processing
According to the results obtained in our study and the results found in the literature, it is seen that the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the artichoke leaves are affected by factors such as genetic diversity and harvest time.[5]
Bioactive extracts having antioxidant properties were obtained from artichoke leaves which can be categorized as agricultural waste using only distilled water as solvent
Summary
One of the most important problems in the food industry is the management of waste produced during food processing. UAE is successfully applied for different kind of food products and industrial wastes in order to obtain bioactive materials.[11,21,24] In the UAE, the parameters affecting the process are mainly ultrasonic power, ultrasonic intensity or amplitude, duty cycle (the ratio of pulse duration and cycle time), solvent type, solvent to solid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature.[21] In general, low power and high frequency ultrasound have been applied at UAE processes for food materials and wastes.[25] Even though having substantial advantages over traditional extraction techniques, the success of UAE is mostly dependent to the optimization process. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the obtained bioactive extracts from artichoke leaves at the different process conditions were determined. CE was compared with UAE process in terms of extraction time and extraction yield
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