Abstract
A mixture of the environmentally friendly biosurfactants rhamnolipids and sophorolipids was used as a source of micelles in this study. The Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of factors on micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF). Simulated Cd-containing wastewater was used for testing. Based on single-factor experiments, the initial Cd2+ concentration, biosurfactant mixing ratio (α) and pH were chosen as influential variables, and both the Cd2+ rejection coefficient and permeation flux were used as responses. A predictive model based on a quadratic polynomial regression equation was established to determine the optimized enhanced ultrafiltration conditions for Cd. The results show that the regression equation is extremely significant and fits the data accurately. The optimal enhanced ultrafiltration conditions are as follows: initial Cd2+ concentration of 10.0 mg/L, α of 0.30 and pH of 9.58. Under these conditions, the rejection coefficient and the permeation flux of Cd2+ are 99.14% and 37.36 L/m2·h, respectively. The experimental results confirm that the experimental values agree well with the values predicted by the model. Further, these results provide theoretical support for using MEUF to treat heavy metal-containing wastewater when biosurfactants are used for micelle formation.
Highlights
With increasing industrialization, cadmium (Cd) has become widely used in various fields, including mining, metal working, electroplating and paint manufacturing [1]
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), one of the membrane separation techniques, has received recent attention because it has the advantages of low energy consumption, easy operation, high permeation flux and high removal efficiency [1]
Water 2019, 11, 442 enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), one of the membrane separation techniques, has received recent attention because it has the advantages of low energy consumption, easy operation, high permeation
Summary
Cadmium (Cd) has become widely used in various fields, including mining, metal working, electroplating and paint manufacturing [1]. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), one of the membrane separation techniques, has received recent attention because it has the advantages of low energy consumption, easy operation, high permeation flux and high removal efficiency [1]. This technique removes heavy metal ions by adding surfactants to wastewater to form micelles that heavy metal ions in water adsorb or bind to, and
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