Optimization of energy resources in various building cluster archetypes

Abstract

The current work presents the development of building cluster archetypes, and the optimization of their energy resources mix. Twelve archetypes of building clusters are developed to reflect current North American practices. These archetypes range from low-density, all residential clusters, to high-density mixed-use clusters. A methodology is developed to explore near-optimal mixtures of renewable and alternative energy resources and their interaction with the existing energy grid. The methodology as well includes a sub-routine that examines energy sharing potential among clusters. The application of the optimization methodology to the selected archetypes shows that the optimal mix of energy sources varies according to the type of the cluster and its density. For instance, while roof-integrated PV panels can supply all the energy needs of low-density residential clusters, backup energy sources are required for higher density residential clusters to fulfill the thermal loads. The electrical energy demand of high-density mixed-use clusters can be met by involving alternative sources of energy, such as waste to energy. In the mixed-use case presented in this study, the waste required to satisfy the total electric load is as high as 10:1 as compared to the waste disposal. Sharing of energy resources among various clusters allows reducing the waste needed by about 37%.