Optimization and characterization of hyper cross-linked cyclodextrins for improved efinaconazole delivery: A comprehensive study

Abstract

This study optimized cyclodextrin (NS) for controlled efinaconazole release in topical hydrogels. Utilizing Taguchi statistical design, key factors such as reaction time, temperature, stirring speed, and solvent volume were optimized. Efinaconazole was loaded into the polymers, forming inclusion complexes confirmed by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Hydrogel formulation was achieved using Carbopol 934. Optimized conditions were reaction time (480 minutes), temperature (100°C), stirring speed (3,000 rpm), and solvent volume (100 ml). Plain NS had an average particle size of 141–160 nm, while efinaconazole-loaded nanosponges ranged from approximately 69–84 nm. In-vitro release studies showed significantly enhanced release from nanosponge complexes compared to pure drugs. EFNS6, with controlled release, was chosen for further investigation to formulate a topical hydrogel due to its effective regulation of efinaconazole release. NS protected efinaconazole from photodegradation and prevented its chemical degradation over 6 months. In-vitro skin permeation studies highlighted NS’ potential to enhance efinaconazole delivery into skin layers.