Abstract
Alternative energy resources have a significant function in the performance and decarbonization of power engendering schemes in the building application domain. Additionally, “green buildings” play a special role in reducing energy consumption and minimizing CO2 emissions in the building sector. This research article analyzes the performance of alternative primary energy sources (sun and hydrogen) integrated into a hybrid photovoltaic panel/fuel cell system, and their optimal synergy to provide green energy for a green building. The study addresses the future hydrogen-based economy, which involves the supply of hydrogen as the fuel needed to provide fuel cell energy through a power distribution infrastructure. The objective of this research is to use fuel cells in this field and to investigate their use as a green building energy supply through a hybrid electricity generation system, which also uses photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy. The fuel cell hydrogen is supplied through a distribution network in which hydrogen production is outsourced and independent of the power generation system. The case study creates virtual operating conditions for this type of hybrid energy system and simulates its operation over a one-year period. The goal is to demonstrate the role and utility of fuel cells in virtual conditions by analyzing energy and economic performance indicators, as well as carbon dioxide emissions. The case study analyzes the optimal synergy between photovoltaic panels and fuel cells for the power supply of a green building. In the simulation, an optimally configured hybrid system supplies 100% of the energy to the green building while generating carbon dioxide emissions equal to 11.72% of the average value calculated for a conventional energy system providing similar energy to a standard residential building. Photovoltaic panels account for 32% of the required annual electricity production, and the fuel cells generate 68% of the total annual energy output of the system.
Highlights
The implementation of energy efficiency sustainability elements in the construction domain is the goal of numerous international organizations engaged in this field
From the provided data in the table, it is observed that during one year of of operation, the photovoltaic panels generated 32% of the total energy production of the operation, the photovoltaic panels generated 32% of the total energy production of the optimally configured system, which was directly influenced by the intermittent conditions optimally configured system, which was directly influenced by the intermittent condiof solar resource availability, and fuel cell provided the majority of energy in the system, tions of solar resource availability, and fuel cell provided the majority of energy in the with 68% of the total energy production
In the hypothesis studied in this case study, the optimally configured system enerIn supported the hypothesis studied in thisbuilding case study, the optimally configured getically of the green consumer, the subject of thesystem study, energetigenercallycarbon supported of the green building thevalue subject of the study, ating dioxide emissions of 11.72%
Summary
The implementation of energy efficiency sustainability elements in the construction domain is the goal of numerous international organizations engaged in this field. The implementation of hydrogen energy in various practical applications has 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 6304 been a growing concern for the community of researchers in the field, and, during 2020, hydrogen energy was in the spotlight as a major part of the world’s energy strategies. Chaouki Ghenai et al [1] considered an off-grid system composed of photovoltaic panels (PV)/fuel cells (FCs), located in a desert region from the economic perspective. They described conditions in which the system was placed because of its extreme characteristics
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