Abstract
In this this paper, the optimal sizing of electric and thermal storage is applied to the novel definition of a net zero multi energy system (NZEMS). A NZMES is based on producing electricity exclusively from renewable energy sources (RES) and converting it into other energy forms to satisfy multiple energy needs of a community. Due to the intermittent nature of RES, storage resources are needed to increase the self-sufficiency of the system. Possible storage sizing choices are examined considering, on an annual basis, the solution of a predictive control problem aimed at optimizing daily operation. For each day of the year, a predictive control problem is formulated and solved, aimed at minimizing operating costs. Electric, thermal, and (electric) transportation daily curves and expected RES production are assessed by means of a model that includes environmental parameters. Test results, based on the energy model of a small rural village, show expected technical-economic performance of different planning solutions, highlighting how the renewable energy mix influences the choice of both thermal and electric storage, and how self-sufficiency can affect the overall cost of energy.
Highlights
The concept of “nearly zero energy” is usually associated with nearly zero-energy building, which is a building with very high energy performance whose very low energy needs are significantly covered by energy produced locally or nearby from renewable energy sources (RES)
The management of a system composed only by renewable generation and BESS is relatively simple, the use of optimal control strategies is recommended in the presence of other dispatchable resources and competing technologies [22]
The use of optimal control tools is recommended in the presence of two competing storage technologies, such as BESS and TESS, that can be difficult to treat with simple rule-based control
Summary
The concept of “nearly zero energy” is usually associated with nearly zero-energy building (nZEB), which is a building with very high energy performance whose very low energy needs are significantly covered by energy produced locally or nearby from renewable energy sources (RES).In EU, the European Directives 2010/31/EU (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive or EPBD) and2012/27/EU (Energy Efficiency Directive) provide a general framework of objectives in terms of building performance and energy efficiency, and assign the definition of the modalities for their achievement and implementation directly to member states [1,2]. The concept of “nearly zero energy” is usually associated with nearly zero-energy building (nZEB), which is a building with very high energy performance whose very low energy needs are significantly covered by energy produced locally or nearby from renewable energy sources (RES). The EPBD requires that all new buildings must be nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) as of 31 December 2020. This concept can be extended to the definition of a net zero-energy building (NZEB)–or house–if the energy systems installed can convert energy from RES to generate at least as much primary energy as the one consumed by the building over the course of the year [3]. As remarked in Ref. [5], one of the main assumptions is that an energy-producing low-energy building must interact with other similar buildings and/or with
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