Abstract

This paper explores several possible hybridized techniques to supply electrical energy at remote locations where the utility grid extension is found uneconomical. In this work, diesel-generator (DG) is combined with the various renewable energy resources (RES) and multiple storage facilities, such as (i) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and hydrogen energy storage (HES), (ii) PEMFC, HES, and Solar PV, and (iii) HES, Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, and battery storage system (BSS), respectively, to achieve the best hybrid solution to supply electrical power in remotely located area efficiently. The Homer Pro software developed by the national renewable energy laboratory is used in this paper for conducting the proposed analysis. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize the cost and greenhouse gas emissions. Three performance indices or objective functions, namely net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and unmet load, have been evaluated for these three hybridizations to determine the best alternative to overcome the energy crunch, which is existing especially in remotely located area. The comparative analysis of the estimated performance parameters has revealed that the hybridization of DG with Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS provides smaller values of NPC (in US $), LCOE (in US $/kWh), and unmet load. Furthermore, hybridization of DG with Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS results in the lowest pollutant emission with zero unmet loads and energy wastage. Therefore, in this study, hybridization of DG, Solar PV, PEMFC, HES, & BSS is recommended as the best alternative to supply electrical power efficiently and economically to remote areas. In this stand-alone work mode of operation of DG is considered as a reference system and named ‘Combination 1’. The LCOE and NPC of the best suitable HPS are obtained as 0.50193 US $/kWh and 35200000 US $, respectively. As a result, the system's emission is reduced by 94% compared with the base case (combination 1).

Highlights

  • The energy-efficient economy is considered one of the most important and major factors toDas et al.: Optimal Sizing and Control of Solar PV-proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) Hybrid Power ...determine the country's growth

  • HOMER Pro software developed by national renewable energy laboratory (NREL) is used to conduct the simulation and economic analysis of the hybrid power system (HPS)

  • The net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), pollutant emission, power generation, and unmet/ excess loads have been calculated for each combination

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Summary

Introduction

The energy-efficient economy is considered one of the most important and major factors to. This study presents energy management in HPS and the optimization of the HPS component using the HOMER Pro software. Accurate estimation of the parameters, such as maintenance cost, operating cost, fuel cost, emission of pollutants, play a vital role in deciding the best combination of renewable energy resources for optimal and efficient design of HPS. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER Pro) software developed by the national renewable energy laboratory (NREL) is used for the designing of various power plant configurations, followed by the identification of the most optimized one, to various decisionmaking parameters, such as operating cost, net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE) gases emission and economic comparison. The DG-based generation is replaced by the solar PV and PEMFC-based HPS to reduce the energy cost and emission.

Energy Demand Estimation
PEM Fuel Cell
Electrolyzer Chamber/ Hydrogen Tank
Battery Storage System (BSS)
Power Electronics Converter
Energy Management System
Objective Function
Battery Storage System (BSS) Energy Constraints
Upper and Lower Bound Constraints
Results and Discussion
Combination 1
Combination 2
Combination 3
Combination 4
LCOE and NPC Comparison
Sensitivity Analysis
Conclusions

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