Optimal Scheduling of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Including Time-of-Use Tariff to Minimize Cost and System Stress

Hadi Suyono,Hazlie Mokhlis,Mir Toufikur Rahman,Hasmaini Mohamad,Mohamadariff Othman,Hazlee Azil Illias

doi:10.3390/en12081500

Abstract

Technological advancement, environmental concerns, and social factors have made plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) popular and attractive vehicles. Such a trend has caused major impacts to electrical distribution systems in terms of efficiency, stability, and reliability. Moreover, excessive power loss, severe voltage deviation, transformer overload, and system blackouts will happen if PEV charging activities are not coordinated well. This paper presents an optimal charging coordination method for a random arrival of PEVs in a residential distribution network with minimum power loss and voltage deviation. The method also incorporates capacitor switching and on-load tap changer adjustment for further improvement of the voltage profile. The meta-heuristic methods, binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) and binary grey wolf optimization (BGWO), are employed in this paper. The proposed method considers a time-of-use (ToU) electricity tariff such that PEV users will get more benefits. The random PEV arrival is considered based on the driving pattern of four different regions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, comprehensive analysis is conducted using a modified of IEEE 31 bus system with three different PEV penetrations. The results indicate a promising outcome in terms of cost and the distribution system stress minimization.

Highlights

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are promising low emission vehicle that have gained popularity in recent years [1]
It is imperative to develop a strategy along with plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) charging coordination to minimize the PEV. Considering these limitations, this paper introduces the coordination of PEV charging along with the capacitor switching and on-load tap changer (OLTC) adjustment to reduce the total power loss and voltage deviation simultaneously
Due to the constraint in the switching operation of capacitor and OLTC in the distribution system, the proposed method consists of two parts: (i) PEV charging coordination (5-minute interval) and (ii) day ahead capacitor and OLTC

Summary

Introduction

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are promising low emission vehicle that have gained popularity in recent years [1]. The PEVs are driven by an electric motor energized by a rechargeable battery. For a variety of reasons, including technological advances in electrical motors and drives, and environmental concerns, the PEV market is expanding around the world. Reduction in oil reserves and an increase in its price has driven the application of PEV in the transportation sector [2]. PEVs are a cost-effective vehicle with a low maintenance cost [3]. From the technical point of view, electrification in the transportation sector has improved energy conversion efficiency from electricity to motor rotation

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