Abstract
Electrification of the transportation sector can play a vital role in reshaping smart cities. With an increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road, deployment of well-planned and efficient charging infrastructure is highly desirable. Unlike level 1 and level 2 charging stations, level 3 chargers are super-fast in charging EVs. However, their installation at every possible site is not techno-economically justifiable because level 3 chargers may cause violation of critical system parameters due to their high power consumption. In this paper, we demonstrate an optimized combination of all three types of EV chargers for efficiently managing the EV load while minimizing installation cost, losses, and distribution transformer loading. Effects of photovoltaic (PV) generation are also incorporated in the analysis. Due to the uncertain nature of vehicle users, EV load is modeled as a stochastic process. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to solve the constrained nonlinear stochastic problem. MATLAB and OpenDSS are used to simulate the model. The proposed idea is validated on the real distribution system of the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Pakistan. Results show that an optimized combination of chargers placed at judicious locations can greatly reduce cost from $3.55 million to $1.99 million, daily losses from 787kWh to 286kWh and distribution transformer congestion from 58% to 22% when compared to scenario of optimized placement of level 3 chargers for 20% penetration level in commercial feeders. In residential feeder, these statistics are improved from $2.52 to $0.81 million, from 2167kWh to 398kWh and from 106% to 14%, respectively. It is also realized that the integration of PV improves voltage profile and reduces the negative impact of EV load. Our optimization model can work for commercial areas such as offices, university campuses, and industries as well as residential colonies.
Highlights
Economic and environmental problems of fossil fuel transportation have motivated the electrification of vehicles worldwide
In order to validate the proposed idea, it is simulated on the real distribution network of the National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
It is an 11/0.4kV radial distribution system where LV side of network is considered for placement of electric vehicles (EVs) charging stations
Summary
Economic and environmental problems of fossil fuel transportation have motivated the electrification of vehicles worldwide. Higher peak load caused by EV increases power losses and voltage deviations. It can cause thermal limit violations of transformers and lines [8], [9]. In [9], coordinated charging is proved to achieve a smooth voltage profile while reducing power losses. The uncertain behavior of the vehicle owner can make it difficult to implement coordinated charging. To overcome these problems, optimal placement and sizing of charging station were proposed in [11] where a probability distribution was used to model EV load and a heuristic algorithm was employed to solve the siting and sizing problem
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