Abstract
Developing an accurate Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) in a continuous form is essential for many maritime applications as it can be employed to develop an accurate continuous vertical control datum for hydrographic surveys applications and to produce accurate dynamic electronic navigation charts for safe maritime navigation by mariners. The LAT can be developed in a continuous (surface) using an estimated LAT surface model from the hydrodynamic ocean model along with coastal discrete LAT point values derived from tide gauges data sets to provide the corrected LAT surface model. In this paper, an accurate LAT surface model was developed for the Red Sea case study using a Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) with multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization, namely, WebTide, FES2014, DTU10, and EOT11a models. It was found that the developed optimal hybrid LAT model using MLE with multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization ranges from 0.1 m to 1.63 m, associated with about 2.4 cm of uncertainty at a 95% confidence level in the Red Sea case study area. To validate the accuracy of the developed model, the comparison was made between the optimal hybrid LAT model developed from multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization using the MLE method with the individual LAT models estimated from individual WebTide, FES2014, DTU10, or EOT11a ocean models based on the associated uncertainties estimated at a 95% confidence level. It was found that the optimal hybrid LAT model accuracy is superior to the individual LAT models estimated from individual ocean models with an improvement of about 50% in average, based on the estimated uncertainties. The importance of developing optimal LAT surface model using the MLE method with multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization in this paper with few centimeters level of uncertainty can lead to accurate continuous vertical datum estimation that is essential for many maritime applications.
Highlights
The bathymetric data are reduced to the national chart datum that mostly represents the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) at a specific time
Developing an accurate LAT in a continuous form is essential for many maritime applications where it can be employed to develop an accurate continuous vertical control datum for hydrographic survey applications and to produce accurate dynamic electronic navigation charts for safe maritime navigation by mariners [2]
This paper investigated the development of an accurate LAT model using the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) method with multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization for the Red Sea study area
Summary
The bathymetric data are reduced to the national chart datum that mostly represents the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) at a specific time. A continuous chart datum is a two-dimensional reference surface relative to a continuous vertical reference datum such as the LAT to WGS-84 ellipsoid model It is realized by numerous hydrographic organizations around the world that the hydrographic vertical datum, such as a chart datum, requires continuous treatment. The Saudi continuous chart datum (LAT to WGS-84 ellipsoid model) in the Arabian Gulf was developed using the individual WebTide hydrodynamic ocean model and the overall uncertainty ranges between 11 cm to 16 cm [2]. All these above mentioned national continuous chart datums were developed using the individual hydrodynamic ocean model. This optimal LAT surface model was developed using the MLE method with multiple hydrodynamic ocean models hybridization to provide an optimal hybrid LAT to MSL continuous surface model ( called LAT model in this paper)
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