Abstract
The limited predictability and controlability of distributed energy resources has resulted in an increasing need for managing the available demand side flexibility from proactive end-users. In this regard, distribution system operators are expected to take a coordinating role in facilitating the utilization of the available flexibility. This paper proposes a novel optimization method to solve the optimal flexibility dispatch problem for a system operator such that it deploys the demand response resource effectively. We use the second-order cone relaxation of the problem to keep the problem convex, tractable and representing electric flows to a high accuracy. The analytical solution to the problem gives the locational pricing of flexibility services. To demonstrate the applicability and scalability of the proposed framework, it is applied to two case studies. We study a stylized 9-bus distribution network and a modified version of the IEEE 30-Bus System. Simulation results are interpreted in economic terms and show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Highlights
By focusing on duality analysis of the optimal flexibility dispatch (OFD) problem, we provide some insight on the pricing of flexibility in the distribution network
To demonstrate the effect of the convexrelaxation technique on the accuracy of the results, we present the total curtailment of the various renewable energy resources determined by solving the OFD problem using two models of formulating the AC power flows: the nonlinear formulation and the second-order cone (SOC) formulation, for different levels of flexibility offered from the aggregators
In this paper we introduce the OFD problem as an optimization framework that determines the amount of flexibility the distribution system operator (DSO) needs to procure from the active power flexibility providers to minimize the curtailment of distributed energy resources (DERs) while keeping the distribution grid congestion free
Summary
T HE massive integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is changing the landscape of energy systems. One solution to tackle the increasing uncertainty and emerging problem(s) is to make use of the inherent flexibility of the system This can be done by enabling larger involvement of proactive end-users (e.g., Demand Response (DR) providers) to resolve the network operation limit violation in low-voltage grids by implementing demand response (DR) programs [3]. Convex relaxation methods [23]–[27] have been explored to make the non-convex OPF problems in distribution networks convex and to improve computational efficiency at the expense of introducing a slight inaccuracy in the final solution In this regard, using the second-order cone relaxation of the AC power flows [27], [28], Papavasiliou proposes a market-based framework that explicitly accounts for reactive power flows and voltages to solve power flow problem in the distribution network [20]. The problem formulation and the duality analysis provided in [20] is limited to tree-like distribution networks
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